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References NAC and Glutathione

125. Miller LF, Rumack BH. Clinical safety of high oral doses of acetylcysteine. Sem Oncol 1983;10:S76-S85.

126. Maasilta P, Holsti LR, Blomqvist P, et al. N-Acetylcystine in combination with radiotherapy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a feasibility study. Radiother Oncol 1992;25:192-195.

127. Wanamarta AH, van Rijn J, Blank LECM, et al. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on the antiproliferative action of X-rays or bleomycin in cultured human lung cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1989;115:340-344.

128. Kim JA, Baker DG, Hahn SS, et al. Topical use of N-acetylcysteine for reduction of skin reaction to radiation therapy. Sem Oncol 1983;10:S86-S88.

129. Levy L, Vredevoe DL. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on cyclophosphamide immunoregulation and antitumor activity. Semin Oncol 1983;10:S7-S16.

130. Harrison EF, Fuquay ME, Hunter HL. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on the antitumor activity of cyclophosphamide against Walker-256 carcinosarcoma in rats. Semin Oncol 1983;10:S25-S27.

131. Palermo MS, Olabuenaga SE, Giordano M, Isturiz MA. Immunomodulation exerted by cyclophosphamide is not interfered with by N-acetylcysteine. Int J Immunopharmac 1986;8:651-655.

132. Slavik M, Saiers JH. Phase I clinical study of acetylcysteine's preventing ifosfamide-induced hematuria. Semin Oncol 1983;10:S62-S65.

133. Holoye PY, Duelge J, Hansen RM, et al. Prophylaxis of ifosfamide toxicity with oral acetylcysteine. Semin Oncol 1983;10:S66-S71.

134. Myers C, Bonow R, Palmeri S, et al. A randomized controlled trial assessing the prevention of doxorubicin cardiomyopathy by N-acetylcysteine. Semin Oncol 1983;10:S53-S55.

135. Unverferth DV, Jagadeesh JM, Unverferth BJ, et al. Attempt to prevent doxorubicin induced acute human myocardial morphologic damage with acetylcysteine. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983;71:917-920.

136. Olson RD, Stroo WE, Boerth RC. Influence of N-acetylcysteine on the antitumor activity of doxorubicin. Semin Oncol 1983;10:S29-S34.

137. Schmitt-Graff A, Scheulen ME. Prevention of adriamycin cardiotoxicity by niacin, isocitrate, or N-acetylcysteine in mice. Path Res Pract 1986;181:168-174.

138. Roller A, Weller M. Antioxidants specifically inhibit cisplatin cytotoxicity of human malignant glioma cells. Anticancer Res 1998;18:4493-4497.

139. Miyajima A, Nakashima J, Tachibana M, et al. N-acetylcysteine modifies cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum induced effects in bladder cancer cells. Jpn J Cancer Res 1999;90:565-570.

140. Sheikh-Hamad D, Timmins K, Jalali Z. Cisplatin-induced renal toxicity: possible reversal by N-acetylcysteine treatment. J Am Soc Nephrol 1997;8:1640-1644.

141. Witschi A, Reddy S, Stofer B, Lauterberg BH. The systemic availability of oral glutathione. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992;43:667-669.

142. Hagen TM, Wierzbicka GT, Sillau AH, et al. Bioavailability of dietary glutathione: effect on plasma concentration. Am J Physiol 1990;259:G524-G529.

143. Holroyd KJ, Buhl R, Borok Z, et al. Correction of glutathione deficiency in the lower respiratory tract of HIV seropositive individuals by glutathione aerosol treatment. Thorax 1993;48:985-989.

144. Hospers GAP, Eisenhauer EA, de Vries EGE. The sulfhydryl containing compounds WR-2721 and glutathione as radio- and chemoprotective agents. A review, indications for use and prospects. Br J Cancer 1999;80:629-638.

145. Dalhoff K, Ranek L, Mantoni M, Poulsen, HE. Glutathione treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver 1992;12:341-343.

146. Novi AM. Regression of aflatoxin B1-induced hepatocellular carcinomas by reduced glutathione. Science 1981;212:541-542.

147. Kidd PM. Glutathione: systemic protectant against oxidative and free radical damage. Altern Med Rev 1997;2:155-176.

148. DeMaria D, Falchi AM, Venturino P. Adjuvant radiotherapy of the pelvis with or without reduced glutathione: a randomized trial in patients operated on for endometrial cancer. Tumori 1992;78:374-376.

149. Meijer C, Mulder NH, de Vries EGE. The role of detoxifying systems in resistance of tumor cells to cisplatin and adriamycin. Cancer Treat Rev 1990;17:389-407.

150. Smyth JF, Bowman A, Parren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569-573.

151. Bogliun G, Marzorati L, Marzola M, et al. Neurotoxicity of cisplatin +/- reduced glutathione in the first-line treatment of advanced ovarian cancer. Int J Gynaecol Cancer 1996;6:415-419.

152. Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26-32.

153. Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, et al. High-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione in the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer. Ann Oncol 1993;4:55-61.

154. Locatelli MC, D'Antonia A, Lablanca R, et al. A phase II study of combination chemotherapy in advanced ovarian carcinoma with cisplatin and cyclophosphamide plus reduced glutathione as potential protective agent against cisplatin toxicity. Tumori 1993;79:37-39.

It has been shown in two separate in vitro studies that NAC inhibits the cytotoxic activity of cisplatin.138,139 NAC may have a role, however, in the reversal of renal toxicity due to cisplatin.140 Other than use in salvage therapy, the combination of cisplatin and NAC should also probably be avoided at this time.

Antioxidants in Cancer Therapy; Their Actions and Interactions With Oncologic Therapies

Davis W. Lamson, MS, ND and Matthew S. Brignall, ND

Alternative Medicine Reviews, 1999;4(5):304-329

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