References: 1. Clinical development plan: indole-3-carbinol. J Cell Biochem Suppl. 1996; 26:127-36. 2. Chen I, Safe S, Bjeldanes L. "Indole-3-carbinol and diindolylmethane as aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor agonists and antagonists in T47D human breast cancer cells." Biochem Pharmacol. 1996 Apr 26;51(8):1069-76. 3.Chen DZ, Qi M, Auborn KJ, Carter TH, "Indole-3-Carbinol and Diindolylmethane Induce Apoptosis of Human Cervical Cancer Cells and in Murine HPV16-Transgenic Preneoplastic Cervical Epithelium." J Nutr. 2001 Dec;131(12):3294-3302. 4. Leong H, Firestone GL, Bjeldanes LF, "Cytostatic effects of 3,3-diindolylmethane in human endometrial cancer cells result from an estrogen receptor-mediated increase in transforming growth factor-alpha expression." Carcinogenesis. 2001 Nov;22(11):1809-17. 5. Ritter CL, Prigge WF, Reichert MA, Malejka-Giganti D, "Oxidations of 17 beta-estradiol and estrone and their interconversions catalyzed by liver, mammary gland and mammary tumor after acute and chronic treatment of rats with indole-3-carbinol or beta-naphthoflavone." Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2001 Jun;79(6):519-32. 6. Malejka-Giganti D; Niehans GA; Reichert MA; et al., "Post-initiation treatment of rats with indole-3-carbinol or beta-naphthoflavone does not suppress 7, 12-dimethylbenz [a]anthracene-induced mammary gland carcinogenesis." Cancer Lett 2000 Nov 28;160(2):209-18. 7. Kang JS, Kim DJ, Ahn B, Nam KT, Kim KS, Choi M, Jang DD. "Post-initiation treatment with Indole-3-carbinol did not suppress N-methyl-N-nitrosourea induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats." Cancer Lett. 2001 Aug 28;169(2):147-54. 8. Chen I, McDougal A, Wang F, Safe S; "Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated antiiestrogenic and antitumorigenic activity of diindolylmethane." Carcinogenesis 1998 Sep;19(9):1631-9. 9. Janet Tou, Chibo Hong and Leonard F. Bjeldanes,"The Influence of 3'3-Diindolylmethane on Breast Tumor Growth, Invasion and Metastasis." Experimental Biology 2001, March 31-April 4, 2001, Orlando, Florida 10. De Kruif CA, Marsman JW, Venekamp JC, et al., "Structure elucidation of acid reaction products of indole-3-carbinol: detection in vivo and enzyme induction in vitro." Chem Biol Interact 1991; 80(3):303-15. 11. Arneson, DW, Hurwitz, A, McMahon, LM, and Robaugh, D: "Presence of 3,3'-Diindolylmethane in human plasma after oral administration of Indole-3-carbinol." Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research, 1999 Mar; (40): #2833. 12. Dashwood RH, "Indole-3-carbinol: anticarcinogen or tumor promoter in brassica vegetables?", Chem Biol Interact 1998 Mar 12; 110(1-2):1-5. 13. Bailey GS, Hendricks JD, Shelton DW, Nixon JE, Pawlowski NE, "Enhancement of carcinogenesis by the natural anticarcinogen indole-3-carbinol." J Natl Cancer Inst. 1987 May;78(5):931-4. 14. Bjeldanes LF, Kim JY, Grose KR, Bartholomew JC, Bradfield CA, "Aromatic hydrocarbon responsiveness-receptor agonists generated from indole-3-carbinol in vitro and in vivo: comparisons with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991 Nov 1;88(21):9543-7 . 15. Liu H, Wormke M, Safe SH, Bjeldanes LF. "Indolo[3,2-b]carbazole: a dietary-derived factor that exhibits both antiestrogenic and estrogenic activity." J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994 Dec 7;86(23):1758-65. 16. Liehr JG, Ricci MJ, Jefcoate CR, et al., "4 Hydroxylation of estradiol by human uterine myometrium and myoma microsomes: Implications for the mechanism of uterine tumorigenesis." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995 Sept 92:9220-9224. 17. d'Argy R, Bergman J, Dencker L, "Effects of immunosuppressive chemicals on lymphoid development in foetal thymus organ cultures." Pharmacol Toxicol. 1989 Jan;64(1):33-8. 18. Park JY, Shigenaga MK, Ames BN, "Induction of cytochrome P4501A1 by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or indolo(3,2-b)carbazole [ICZ] is associated with oxidative DNA damage," Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Mar 19;93(6):2322-7. 19. Exon JH, South EH, "Dietary indole-3-carbinol alters immune functions in rats." J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2000 Feb 25;59(4):271-9. 20. Wilker C, Johnson L, Safe S, "Effects of developmental exposure to indole-3-carbinol or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on reproductive potential of male rat offspring." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1996 Nov;141(1):68-75. 21. Preobrazhenskaya MN, Bukhman VM, Korolev AM, Efimov SA, "Ascorbigen and other indole-derived compounds from Brassica vegetables and their analogs as anticarcinogenic and immunomodulating agents." Pharmacol Ther. 1993 Nov;60(2):301-13. 22. Sepkovic DW, Bradlow HL, Michnovicz J, Murtezani S, Levy I, Osborne MP. "Catechol estrogen production in rat microsomes after treatment with indole-3-carbinol, ascorbigen, or beta-naphthaflavone: a comparison of stable isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and radiometric methods." Steroids. 1994 May; 59(5):318-23. 23. Szende B, Tyihak E, Szokan G, Katay G, "Possible Role of Formaldehyde in the Apoptotic and Mitotic Effect of 1-Methyl-Ascorbigen." Pathol Oncol Res. 1995;1(1):38-42. 24. Musk SR, Preobrazhenskaya MN, Belitsky GA, Korolev AM, Lytcheva TA, Khitrovo IA, Johnson IT, "The clastogenic and mutagenic effects of ascorbigen [ASG] and 1'-methylascorbigen." Mutat Res. 1994 Jan-Feb;323(1-2):69-74. 25. Larsen-Su SA, Williams DE, "Transplacental Exposure to Indole-3-carbinol Induces Sex-Specific Expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 in the Liver of Fischer 344 Neonatal Rats." Toxicol Sci. 2001 Dec;64(2):162-8. 26. Riby JE, Feng C, Chang YC, Schaldach CM, Firestone GL, Bjeldanes LF, "The major cyclic trimeric product of indole-3-carbinol is a strong agonist of the estrogen receptor signaling pathway." Biochemistry. 2000 Feb 8;39(5):910-8. 27. Yamashita K, Wakabayashi K, Kitagawa Y, Nagao M, Sugimura T. "32P-postlabeling analysis of DNA adducts in rat stomach with 1-nitrosoindole-3-acetonitrile, a direct-acting mutagenic indole compound formed by nitrosation." Carcinogenesis. 1988 Oct;9(10):1905-7. 28. Efimov S, Shevchenko V, et al., "The influence of 1'-methyl- and 1'ethylascorbigen on metabolism of arachidonic acid in murine spleen cells." Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993: 15;190(3): 895-900. 29. Schaldach CM, Riby J, Bjeldanes LF. "Lipoxin A4: a new class of ligand for the Ah receptor." Biochemistry. 1999 Jun 8;38(23):7594-600. 30. Pence BC; Buddingh F; Yang SP, "Multiple dietary factors in the enhancement of dimethylhydrazine carcinogenesis: main effect of indole-3-carbinol," J Natl Cancer Inst 1986 Jul;77(1):269-76. 31. Autrup H, Harris CC, Schwartz RD, Trump BF, Smith L, "Metabolism of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine by cultured human colon." Carcinogenesis. 1980 May;1(5):375-80. 32. Kim DJ, Han BS, Ahn B, Hasegawa R, Shirai T, Ito N, Tsuda H. "Enhancement by indole-3-carbinol of liver and thyroid gland neoplastic development in a rat medium-term multiorgan carcinogenesis model." Carcinogenesis. 1997 Feb;18(2):377-81. 33. Regal KA, Laws GM, Yuan C, Yost GS, Skiles GL. "Detection and characterization of DNA adducts of 3-methylindole." Chem Res Toxicol. 2001 Aug;14(8):1014-24. 34. Riby JE, Chang GH, Firestone GL, Bjeldanes LF. "Ligand- independent activation of estrogen receptor function by 3,3'-diindolylmethane in human breast cancer cells." Biochem Pharmacol. 2000 Jul 15;60(2):167-77. 35. Chibo Hong, Gary L. Firestone, and Leonard F. Bjeldanes, "3,3'Diindolylmethane (DIM), a dietary indole, has multiple cell suppressive effects on MCF-7, human breast cancer cells." The American Society for Cell Biology, Fortieth Annual Meeting, December 2000, San Francisco, California. 36. Chibo Hong, Gary L. Firestone and Leonard F. Bjeldanes. "Induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells by 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM)." Experimental Biology 2001, March 31-April 4, 2001, Orlando, Florida. 37. Platet N, Cunat S, Chalbos D, Rochefort H, Garcia M."Unliganded and liganded estrogen receptors protect against cancer invasion via different mechanisms." Mol Endocrinol. 2000 Jul;14(7):999-1009. 38. Chen I, Safe S, Bjeldanes L."Indole-3-carbinol and diindolylmethane as aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor agonists and antagonists in T47D human breast cancer cells." Biochem Pharmacol. 1996 Apr 26;51(8):1069-76. 39. Ge X, Fares FA, Yannai S. "Induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by indol-3-carbinol is independent of p53 and bax." Anticancer Res. 1999 Jul-Aug;19(4B):3199-203. 40. Zeligs MA, Sepkovic DW, Manrique CA, Macksalka M, Williams DE, Bradlow HL, "Absorption-enhanced 3,3-Diindolylmethane: human use in HPV-related, benign and pre-cancerous conditions." American Association of Cancer Research, (42) 2002, #103483. 41. Rosen CA; Woodson GE; Thompson JW; Hengesteg AP; Bradlow HL, "Preliminary results of the use of indole-3-carbinol for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis," Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998 Jun;118(6):810-5. 42. Dalessandri KM, Firestone GF, Bjeldanes LF, "Estrogen, Dietary-Indole Induced Urinary Metabolites, and Breast Cancer Risk," U.C Berkeley, 2002. 43. Arneson DW, Hurwitz A, Crowell JA, Mayo MS, "Pharmacokinetics of 3-3'-Diindolylmethane following oral administration of Indole-3-carbinol to human subjects." American Association of Cancer Research, (41) 2001, #4658. 44. Vitamin E TPGS: One year Chronic Intubation Study in Dogs, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, 1994, IRDC Report 560-041. 45. Argao EA, Heubi JE, Hollis BW, Tsang RC. "d-Alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate enhances the absorption of vitamin D in chronic cholestatic liver disease of infancy and childhood." Pediatr Res. 1992 Feb;31(2):146-50. 46. Sokol RJ, Butler-Simon N, Conner C, Heubi JE, Sinatra FR, Suchy FJ, Heyman MB, Perrault J, Rothbaum RJ, Levy J, et al, "Multicenter trial of d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate for treatment of vitamin E deficiency in children with chronic cholestasis." Gastroenterology. 1993 Jun;104(6):1727-35. 47. Wakabayashi K, Nagao M, Ochiai M, et al., "A mutagen precursor in Chinese cabbage, indole-3-acetonintrile, which becomes mutagenic on nitrite treatment." Mutat Res 1985; 143(1-2):17-21. 48. Wong GY, Bradlow L, Sepkovic D, et. al., "Dose-ranging study of indole-3-carbinol for breast cancer prevention." J Cell Biochem Suppl. 1997;28-29:111-6. 49. Laws GM, Skopek TR, Reddy V, et al., "Detection of DNA adducts using a quantitative long PCR technique and the flurogenic 5' nuclease assay" (Taq ManŽ). Mutation Research. 2001; 484:3-18. Remember we are NOT Doctors and have NO medical training. This site is like an Encylopedia - there are many pages, many links on many topics. Support our work with any size DONATION - see left side of any page - for how to donate. You can help raise awareness of CAM.